1. Introduction
The development of mobile networks has brought significant changes to everyday life, enhancing communication, the economy, and technology. However, the increased use of radio frequencies (RF) and the introduction of 5G have raised concerns about human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and its safety.
2. International Guidelines and Exposure Limits
According to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), exposure guidelines are designed to protect public health and workers from scientifically substantiated biological effects of EMF. The updated 2020 guidelines cover frequencies from 100 kHz to 300 GHz, ensuring that exposure remains below levels that could cause thermal effects or other biological reactions.
3. Radiofrequency Exposure and Scientific Research
- The World Health Organization (WHO) confirms that RF exposure below permissible limits is not expected to have public health consequences.
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified radio waves as "possibly carcinogenic" (Category 2B); however, epidemiological data are limited, and there is no clear evidence linking RF exposure to cancer.
- According to studies by GSMA, emission levels from antennas and mobile devices are usually below 1% of international limits.
4. 5G and Millimeter Waves (mmWave)
5G brings significant improvements in network speed and capacity, especially through the use of higher frequencies (mmWave, >24 GHz). Despite public concern, current measurements indicate that public exposure to these frequencies is well below the limits set by international guidelines.
5. Compliance Policies and Regulations
To protect public health, many countries adopt ICNIRP guidelines and implement compliance policies with recommended exposure assessment techniques. Additionally, regulatory authorities emphasize transparency and open communication with the public to address misinformation and concerns.
6. Public Perception and Risk Management
The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights that public risk perception regarding electromagnetic fields is just as important as scientific reality. According to the 2002 WHO report:
- Public concern about radio frequencies often arises from uncertainty and lack of information.
- Risk communication management should involve active engagement with local communities and transparent presentation of data.
- The application of the Precautionary Principle in some countries includes measures to minimize exposure, even if no proven risk exists.
7. Conclusions
Based on available scientific data, RF exposure limits are designed to protect human health. Current measurements indicate that public exposure to RF emissions from mobile phones and 5G networks remains well below established safety thresholds. However, it is essential for regulatory authorities to continue monitoring scientific research and communicate findings clearly to the public.